ignou ma economics book Archives

IGNOU MEDSE-46 Study Material & Book In Hindi

November 23, 2021

by study_admin with No Comment IGNOU Study Material

IGNOU MEDSE-46 Study Materials/Books Pdf – If you want to get high-quality IGNOU MEDSE-46 Study Material or IGNOU MEDSE-46 Book Pdf, you have come to the correct place. We will provide you with the greatest MEDSE-46 study material at no cost. Above all, we will supply you with the solved assignment and previous years question paper solutions for your MEDSE-46 subject.

An Introduction on IGNOU MEDSE-46 Course

खंड-1 विकास : संक्षिप्त परिचय

खंड-2 विकास के मूलभूत मुद्दे-I

खंड-3 विकास के मूलभूत मुद्दे-II

खंड-4 विकास में क्षेत्रीय मुद्दे-I

खंड-5 विकास में क्षेत्रीय मुद्दे-II

How to Download IGNOU MEDSE-46 Study Material/Book?

IGNOU University sends printed study materials to IGNOU students when they enrol in the university, and the cost is included in the entrance fee. However, it may take some time to send your books to your home, and delivery to student addresses is occasionally delayed, which might interfere with your studies. We have identified a solution to this problem and have begun uploading the digital book of MEDSE-46 to the IGNOUStudyMaterial site.

Our mission is to supply and promote digital study resources to IGNOU students so they do not have to rely on printed or hard books. IGNOU E-Books will allow you to prepare for your test from anywhere and at any time, including while travelling. If a student prefers to use online books rather than printed materials from IGNOU, he or she can request a soft copy of the study materials.

You will not be charged any fees here, and you may download any book as many times as you like. All of the study resources in this section are in PDF format. IGNOU Online Books enable students to read eBooks at any time and from any location. You do not need to carry actual books with you while you are on the go or travelling. You may read content from our website whenever and wherever you choose.

All resources are provided free of charge. Our goal is to give all course materials to our applicants so that they may learn online and finish their studies in a fresh and modern method. It will help you prepare for your exams and achieve high scores and marks.

List of Available IGNOU MEDSE-46 Study Materials:

MEDSE-46 विकास : मुद्दे एवं परिप्रेक्ष्य	Click to
IGNOU MEDSE 46 Study Material (Egyankosh)	Download
IGNOU MEDSE 46 Help Book/Guide Book	Download
IGNOU MEDSE 46 Solved Assignment	Download
IGNOU MEDSE 46 Solved Guess Paper	Download
IGNOU MEDSE 46 Previous Year Solved Question Papers	Download

Benefits of our IGNOU MEDSE-46 Study Materials for Exams Preparation

Our MEDSE-46 Guide Books help students broaden their understanding to a greater extent. IGNOU MA Economics Study Material has flaws and is produced purely on the basis of the curriculum. There is nothing wrong with it, but depending solely on syllabus-based textbooks will not give you with an answer or a deeper knowledge of issues. To get the most out of your learning experience, you should have a reference book, such as an IGNOU MEDSE-46 Book, that does not put a stop to your progress.

IGNOU MA Economics Books go into each concept in depth. It might help you extend your experience and go deeper into definitions and comprehension. IGNOU MEC Guide Books frequently include a significant number of problems on a single topic, allowing you to master a huge number of problems in preparation for the IGNOU MEC examinations.

Finding assignment questions answers in IGNOU Study Material is really tough. As a result, we give you with a direct link to download this MEDSE-46 solved assignment from our website, which is based only on the MEDSE-46 Assignment Question Paper. Reading through past year’s solved assignments offers an indication of the kind of problems posed in exams. For example, our assignment solution will assist students in comprehending the paper design and question formats that will be tested in the examinations. Finally, here is your opportunity to obtain the greatest IGNOU MEDSE-46 Study Materials from our website, which will assist you in improving your exam preparations.

IGNOU MGSE-9 Study Material & Book

November 22, 2021

by study_admin with No Comment IGNOU Study Material

IGNOU MGSE-9 Study Materials/Books Pdf – If you want to get high-quality IGNOU MGSE-9 Study Material or IGNOU MGSE-9 Book Pdf, you have come to the correct place. We will provide you with the greatest MGSE-9 study material at no cost. Above all, we will supply you with the solved assignment and previous years question paper solutions for your MGSE-9 subject.

An Introduction on IGNOU MGSE-9 Course

Gender issues in the workplace are complex and complicated for a variety of reasons. Indeed, when viewed through a gender lens, the very definition of work becomes a point of contention. Furthermore, it is now widely accepted that work is not a gender-neutral space in which an individual’s qualifications, skills, and performance determine his or her entry into and advancement within any occupation/profession. In the real world, gender has a significant impact on the options available, the choices made, the wages earned, and the advancement opportunities available. Additionally, the situation has improved significantly. Vary according to region, economic class, and sector. Gender issues in the workplace have gained prominence, particularly as global economic restructuring resulting from rapid technological advancement, internationalisation of products and trade, and growing informalization of work has resulted in an increase in women’s labour force participation, while men’s participation has decreased slightly.

Employment is frequently viewed as the primary indicator (and cause) of changes in women’s status, as employment determines their access to resources and ability to make independent choices. Work is critical in determining the relative wealth, power, and prestige of women and men, as well as their health. It has, however, been gender segregated, resulting in gender disparities in the distribution of resources, benefits, and responsibilities. Generally, work has been classified as men’s work or women’s work. Segregation of work by gender has been practised and accepted in all cultures for centuries.

Gender segregation is a highly complex phenomenon that manifests itself at all levels of the labour market. However, much of women’s work remains unrecognised, uncounted, and unpaid, rendering it invisible: for example, work in the home, agriculture, food production, and marketing of home-made products. This entire field of unpaid work is frequently overlooked, first and foremost because, until recently, the majority of it was not considered work; and secondly, because it is much more difficult to quantify in terms of time and value. Because women perform the majority of unpaid work, this has resulted in a severe undervaluation of women’s contributions to society and economy.

How to Download IGNOU MGSE-9 Study Material/Book?

List of Available IGNOU MGSE-9 Study Materials:

MGSE-9 Gender Issues in Work Employment and Productivity	Click to
IGNOU MGSE 9 Study Material (Egyankosh)	Download
IGNOU MGSE 9 Help Book/Guide Book	Download
IGNOU MGSE 9 Solved Assignment	Download
IGNOU MGSE 9 Solved Guess Paper	Download
IGNOU MGSE 9 Previous Year Solved Question Papers	Download

Benefits of our IGNOU MGSE-9 Study Materials for Exams Preparation

Our MGSE-9 Guide Books help students broaden their understanding to a greater extent. IGNOU MA Economics Study Material has flaws and is produced purely on the basis of the curriculum. There is nothing wrong with it, but depending solely on syllabus-based textbooks will not give you with an answer or a deeper knowledge of issues. To get the most out of your learning experience, you should have a reference book, such as an IGNOU MGSE-9 Book, that does not put a stop to your progress.

Finding assignment questions answers in IGNOU Study Material is really tough. As a result, we give you with a direct link to download this MGSE-9 solved assignment from our website, which is based only on the MGSE-9 Assignment Question Paper. Reading through past year’s solved assignments offers an indication of the kind of problems posed in exams. For example, our assignment solution will assist students in comprehending the paper design and question formats that will be tested in the examinations. Finally, here is your opportunity to obtain the greatest IGNOU MGSE-9 Study Materials from our website, which will assist you in improving your exam preparations.

IGNOU MEC-106 Study Material & Book

November 20, 2021

by study_admin with No Comment IGNOU Study Material

IGNOU MEC-106 Study Materials/Books Pdf – If you want to get high-quality IGNOU MEC-106 Study Material or IGNOU MEC-106 Book Pdf, you have come to the correct place. We will provide you with the greatest MEC-106 study material at no cost. Above all, we will supply you with the solved assignment and previous years question paper solutions for your MEC-106 subject.

An Introduction on IGNOU MEC-106 Course

Any economy allows for policy interventions by the government, though the extent varies depending on the economy’s institutional structure. Individual decision-making agents’ actions dominate a competitive market-based economy (like households and firms). A command economy, on the other hand, is largely dictated by government policy planners. When the economy does not perform as expected, both types of governments are required to intervene with appropriate policy interventions.

This issue of desirable outcomes of actions performed by agents (whether in a market or a command economy) leads to consideration of individual welfare in the economy. The welfare theorems of the market economy serve as the yardstick for its optimal performance. Individual welfare cannot be ignored in a command economy, though the role of government in determining an individual’s welfare is much broader than in a market economy. The current unit will primarily focus on the welfare foundations of economic policies in a competitive market economy.

The primary goal of public economics is to provide insights for government policy interventions to correct any distortions in the decision-making space of various agents in the economy. The presence of a large number of buyers and sellers who are fully informed and do not face any barriers or transaction costs for entry and exit in the markets is the primary feature of a competitive market economy. Markets for goods and services or factors of production can exist.

Distortions can take the form of: I monopoly or monopsony power for sellers or buyers, (ii) taxes or subsidies to firms or households, (iii) the existence of public goods where individual ownership or consumption is impossible, or (iv) external economies or diseconomies that affect individuals even if they are not directly involved in the concerned activities. All of these examples show how individual agents fail to achieve their optimal welfare levels. Furthermore, if individuals are unable to achieve their optimum, it is unlikely that the economy’s aggregate welfare (as represented by some kind of social welfare function) will be able to achieve its optimum.

How to Download IGNOU MEC-106 Study Material/Book?

List of Available IGNOU MEC-106 Study Materials:

MEC-106 Public Economics	Click to
IGNOU MEC 106 Study Material (Egyankosh)	Download
IGNOU MEC 106 Help Book/Guide Book	Download
IGNOU MEC 106 Solved Assignment	Download
IGNOU MEC 106 Solved Guess Paper	Download
IGNOU MEC 106 Previous Year Solved Question Papers	Download

Benefits of our IGNOU MEC-106 Study Materials for Exams Preparation

Our MEC-106 Guide Books help students broaden their understanding to a greater extent. IGNOU MA Economics Study Material has flaws and is produced purely on the basis of the curriculum. There is nothing wrong with it, but depending solely on syllabus-based textbooks will not give you with an answer or a deeper knowledge of issues. To get the most out of your learning experience, you should have a reference book, such as an IGNOU MEC-106 Book, that does not put a stop to your progress.

Finding assignment questions answers in IGNOU Study Material is really tough. As a result, we give you with a direct link to download this MEC-106 solved assignment from our website, which is based only on the MEC-106 Assignment Question Paper. Reading through past year’s solved assignments offers an indication of the kind of problems posed in exams. For example, our assignment solution will assist students in comprehending the paper design and question formats that will be tested in the examinations. Finally, here is your opportunity to obtain the greatest IGNOU MEC-106 Study Materials from our website, which will assist you in improving your exam preparations.

IGNOU MWG-11 Study Material & Book

November 18, 2021

by study_admin with No Comment IGNOU Study Material

IGNOU MWG-11 Study Materials/Books Pdf – If you want to get high-quality IGNOU MWG-11 Study Material or IGNOU MWG-11 Book Pdf, you have come to the correct place. We will provide you with the greatest MWG-11 study material at no cost. Above all, we will supply you with the solved assignment and previous years question paper solutions for your MWG-11 subject.

An Introduction on IGNOU MWG-11 Course

The Course is divided into six Blocks, and each Block will introduce you to a new aspect of Indian women’s interaction with the economy. Let us now look at the goals of reading each of the six Blocks.

The first Block, Conceptualizing Women’s Work, introduces you to the concept of ‘work’ as understood or conceptualised by various national and international agencies, building on the understanding of ‘productive’ and ‘reproductive’ work and feminists’ position and political debates on separating the two spheres of work for women.

The second Block, Historiographical Issues and Debates in Women’s Work, as the title suggests, deals with the historicity of grounding women’s work from both international and Indian perspectives

Block three, Participation, delves into issues concerning women’s participation in the paid economy, as well as their representation and presence in various locations, sectors, and occupations.

Block four investigates migration issues in relation to women. Your understanding is foregrounded with concepts and theory in this section. Beginning with migration theories and typology, you will learn how migration affects social change and creates inequalities.

Block five, Legislation, Social Protection, and Policy, will familiarise you with the State’s commitment to social protection as well as bottlenecks in ensuring due recognition of women’s contributions to the Indian economy. You will learn about social protection frameworks and approaches, as well as important legislative measures enacted for women workers and landmark decisions that have changed the face of women’s employment. Gender dimensions of globalisation and liberalisation in developing countries are now widely recognised, and a growing literature investigates both conceptual and empirical aspects of this issue. As a result, the final Block focuses on Women and Globlisation.

Globalisation is viewed as a restructured process of capital accumulation in which women are recruited over men because they are less expensive, more flexible, and are not expected to offer collective resistance.There is evidence that women are becoming more involved in the industrial labour force. Women are concentrated in low-wage, low-skilled work, particularly in export-related industries, and there is a persistent, significant sex wage disparity. The units in Block six highlight the complexities of the process of feminisation of labour, and present some compelling evidence to demonstrate that women’s subjugation in the family, as well as their subordinate status in the workplace, are both rooted in capitalism’s primary goal of maximising profit to ensure continuous accumulation.

How to Download IGNOU MWG-11 Study Material/Book?

List of Available IGNOU MWG-11 Study Materials:

MWG-11 Women in the Economy	Click to
IGNOU MWG 11 Study Material (Egyankosh)	Download
IGNOU MWG 11 Help Book/Guide Book	Download
IGNOU MWG 11 Solved Assignment	Download
IGNOU MWG 11 Solved Guess Paper	Download
IGNOU MWG 11 Previous Year Solved Question Papers	Download

Benefits of our IGNOU MWG-11 Study Materials for Exams Preparation

Our MWG-11 Guide Books help students broaden their understanding to a greater extent. IGNOU MA Economics Study Material has flaws and is produced purely on the basis of the curriculum. There is nothing wrong with it, but depending solely on syllabus-based textbooks will not give you with an answer or a deeper knowledge of issues. To get the most out of your learning experience, you should have a reference book, such as an IGNOU MWG-11 Book, that does not put a stop to your progress.

Finding assignment questions answers in IGNOU Study Material is really tough. As a result, we give you with a direct link to download this MWG-11 solved assignment from our website, which is based only on the MWG-11 Assignment Question Paper. Reading through past year’s solved assignments offers an indication of the kind of problems posed in exams. For example, our assignment solution will assist students in comprehending the paper design and question formats that will be tested in the examinations. Finally, here is your opportunity to obtain the greatest IGNOU MWG-11 Study Materials from our website, which will assist you in improving your exam preparations.

IGNOU MECE-3 Study Material & Book

November 16, 2021

by study_admin with No Comment IGNOU Study Material

IGNOU MECE-3 Study Materials/Books Pdf – If you want to get high-quality IGNOU MECE-3 Study Material or IGNOU MECE-3 Book Pdf, you have come to the correct place. We will provide you with the greatest MECE-3 study material at no cost. Above all, we will supply you with the solved assignment and previous years question paper solutions for your MECE-3 subject.

An Introduction on IGNOU MECE-3 Course

An actuary is a business professional who deals with risk and uncertainty measurement and management. The corresponding field is known as actuarial science. These risks can have an impact on both sides of the balance sheet and necessitate asset management, liability management, and valuation expertise. Actuaries evaluate financial security systems, with a focus on their complexity, mathematics, and mechanisms.

While the concept of insurance dates back to antiquity, the concepts required to scientifically measure and mitigate risks date back to 17th century studies of probability and annuities. Actuaries in the twenty-first century must have analytical skills, business knowledge, and an understanding of human behaviour and information systems in order to design and manage risk-control programmes. The actual steps required to become an actuary vary by country; however, nearly all processes share a rigorous schooling or examination structure and take many years to complete.

The profession has long been regarded as one of the most desirable. Actuaries have been ranked first or second in multiple studies since 2010, and have been in the top 20 for the majority of the last decade. Actuaries primarily use mathematical skills, particularly calculus-based probability and mathematical statistics, but they also use skills from economics, computer science, finance, and business. As a result, actuaries are critical to the insurance and reinsurance industries, both as employees and consultants; to other businesses, including pension plan sponsors; and to government agencies such as the Government Actuary’s Department in the United Kingdom or the Social Security Administration in the United States of America. Actuaries collect and analyse data to estimate the likelihood and likely cost of an event such as death, sickness, injury, disability, or property loss.

Actuaries also address financial issues, such as the amount of pension contributions required to generate a certain retirement income and how a company should invest resources to maximise its return on investment in light of potential risk. Actuaries use their broad knowledge to help design and price insurance policies, pension plans, and other financial strategies in a way that ensures the plans’ financial viability.

How to Download IGNOU MECE-3 Study Material/Book?

List of Available IGNOU MECE-3 Study Materials:

MECE-3 Actuarial Economics: Theory and Practice	Click to
IGNOU MECE 3 Study Material (Egyankosh)	Download
IGNOU MECE 3 Help Book/Guide Book	Download
IGNOU MECE 3 Solved Assignment	Download
IGNOU MECE 3 Solved Guess Paper	Download
IGNOU MECE 3 Previous Year Solved Question Papers	Download

Benefits of our IGNOU MECE-3 Study Materials for Exams Preparation

Our MECE-3 Guide Books help students broaden their understanding to a greater extent. IGNOU MA Economics Study Material has flaws and is produced purely on the basis of the curriculum. There is nothing wrong with it, but depending solely on syllabus-based textbooks will not give you with an answer or a deeper knowledge of issues. To get the most out of your learning experience, you should have a reference book, such as an IGNOU MECE-3 Book, that does not put a stop to your progress.

Finding assignment questions answers in IGNOU Study Material is really tough. As a result, we give you with a direct link to download this MECE-3 solved assignment from our website, which is based only on the MECE-3 Assignment Question Paper. Reading through past year’s solved assignments offers an indication of the kind of problems posed in exams. For example, our assignment solution will assist students in comprehending the paper design and question formats that will be tested in the examinations. Finally, here is your opportunity to obtain the greatest IGNOU MECE-3 Study Materials from our website, which will assist you in improving your exam preparations.

IGNOU MEDSE-46 Study Material & Book

November 12, 2021

by study_admin with No Comment IGNOU Study Material

An Introduction on IGNOU MEDSE-46 Course

Development is a simple word to say, but it is difficult and complicated to define. Despite the fact that the term is widely used in everyday speech as well as academic discourse, its definition has long been a source of contention among social scientists. However, development and related terms continue to be central to contemporary thinking. Following World War II, and with the independence of Asian and African countries from colonial rule, the development priorities of these countries became subjects of study for the United States and other Western countries. Because per capita real income in all of these countries was so low, high priority was given to development programmes that could assist Asian and African countries in achieving the highest possible growth rate.

Several factors emerged during this process, including education, health, sanitation, poverty eradication, and malnutrition. It was in this context that the significance of development became clear. Development is no longer equated with growth, as previously perceived by the developed world. Development economists are no longer impressed by the economy’s growth performance as measured by the rise in GNP; instead, they focus more directly on development processes. The distinctions between the terms growth and development compelled social scientists to begin defining the term development.

Development and related terms continue to be central to contemporary thinking. There is no consensus among developmental thinkers on a single definition of development. Some say it is an increase in income and productivity, while others emphasise quality of life, basic needs provision, happiness, and wellbeing. Some definitions of development offered by a few developmental economists are discussed further below.

How to Download IGNOU MEDSE-46 Study Material/Book?

List of Available IGNOU MEDSE-46 Study Materials:

MEDSE-46 Development: Issues and Perspectives	Click to
IGNOU MEDSE 46 Study Material (Egyankosh)	Download
IGNOU MEDSE 46 Help Book/Guide Book	Download
IGNOU MEDSE 46 Solved Assignment	Download
IGNOU MEDSE 46 Solved Guess Paper	Download
IGNOU MEDSE 46 Previous Year Solved Question Papers	Download

Benefits of our IGNOU MEDSE-46 Study Materials for Exams Preparation

Our MEDSE-46 Guide Books help students broaden their understanding to a greater extent. IGNOU PG Diploma in Urban Planning and Development Study Material has flaws and is produced purely on the basis of the curriculum. There is nothing wrong with it, but depending solely on syllabus-based textbooks will not give you with an answer or a deeper knowledge of issues. To get the most out of your learning experience, you should have a reference book, such as an IGNOU MEDSE-46 Book, that does not put a stop to your progress.

IGNOU PG Diploma in Urban Planning and Development Books go into each concept in depth. It might help you extend your experience and go deeper into definitions and comprehension. IGNOU PGDUPDL Guide Books frequently include a significant number of problems on a single topic, allowing you to master a huge number of problems in preparation for the IGNOU PGDUPDL examinations.

IGNOU MECE-4 Study Material & Book

November 12, 2021

by study_admin with No Comment IGNOU Study Material

IGNOU MECE-4 Study Materials/Books Pdf – If you want to get high-quality IGNOU MECE-4 Study Material or IGNOU MECE-4 Book Pdf, you have come to the correct place. We will provide you with the greatest MECE-4 study material at no cost. Above all, we will supply you with the solved assignment and previous years question paper solutions for your MECE-4 subject.

An Introduction on IGNOU MECE-4 Course

The financial system is concerned with money, credit, and finance – terms that are closely related but differ in some ways. It denotes a collection of complex and intertwined institutions, agents, practises, markets, transactions, claims, and liabilities in the economy. The role of the financial system in economic development is a hotly debated topic among economists. Economists have vastly different perspectives. Bagehot (in 1873) and Schumpeter (in 1911) both argued that an efficient financial system greatly aided a nation’s economy’s growth. According to Ross Levine, it was Schumpeter’s contention that well-functioning banks stimulated technological innovation by providing funding to entrepreneurs who have the best chances of successfully implementing innovative products and processes.

Recent economists have been sceptical of the financial sector’s role in economic growth. Joan Robinson asserted (in 1952) that economic growth created demand for financial institutions and that where enterprise goes, finance follows. In 1988, Robert Lucas dismissed the finance-economic growth relationship, claiming that economists “badly over-stress” the role of financial factors in economic growth.

However, economists have recently reexamined the role of financial markets in economic growth, thanks to the work of Ross Levine, Robert King, and others. Complex models have been developed on the theoretical side to illustrate the many channels through which the development of financial markets affects and is affected by economic growth. These channels include the facilitation of trade hedging, diversification, and risk pooling; the efficient allocation of resources; the monitoring and exertion of corporate control over managers; the mobilisation of savings; and the facilitation of the exchange of goods and services.

On the empirical side, a growing body of research at the firm, industry, country, and cross-country levels has shown a strong link between the financial sector and economic growth. According to King and Levines’ research, financial depth, defined as the ratio of liquid assets to GDP, does help predict economic growth. Other work by Levine has shown that financial intermediary development has a positive impact on economic growth. These findings have been shown to be robust, which means that the relationships persist even when other factors known to influence economic growth are held constant.

How to Download IGNOU MECE-4 Study Material/Book?

List of Available IGNOU MECE-4 Study Materials:

MECE-4 Financial Institutions and Markets	Click to
IGNOU MECE 4 Study Material (Egyankosh)	Download
IGNOU MECE 4 Help Book/Guide Book	Download
IGNOU MECE 4 Solved Assignment	Download
IGNOU MECE 4 Solved Guess Paper	Download
IGNOU MECE 4 Previous Year Solved Question Papers	Download

Benefits of our IGNOU MECE-4 Study Materials for Exams Preparation

Our MECE-4 Guide Books help students broaden their understanding to a greater extent. IGNOU MA Social Work Study Material has flaws and is produced purely on the basis of the curriculum. There is nothing wrong with it, but depending solely on syllabus-based textbooks will not give you with an answer or a deeper knowledge of issues. To get the most out of your learning experience, you should have a reference book, such as an IGNOU MECE-4 Book, that does not put a stop to your progress.

IGNOU MA Social Work Books go into each concept in depth. It might help you extend your experience and go deeper into definitions and comprehension. IGNOU MSW Guide Books frequently include a significant number of problems on a single topic, allowing you to master a huge number of problems in preparation for the IGNOU MSW examinations.

Finding assignment questions answers in IGNOU Study Material is really tough. As a result, we give you with a direct link to download this MECE-4 solved assignment from our website, which is based only on the MECE-4 Assignment Question Paper. Reading through past year’s solved assignments offers an indication of the kind of problems posed in exams. For example, our assignment solution will assist students in comprehending the paper design and question formats that will be tested in the examinations. Finally, here is your opportunity to obtain the greatest IGNOU MECE-4 Study Materials from our website, which will assist you in improving your exam preparations.

IGNOU MEC-7 Study Material & Book In Hindi

November 11, 2021

by study_admin with No Comment IGNOU Study Material

IGNOU MEC-7 Study Materials/Books Pdf – If you want to get high-quality IGNOU MEC-7 Study Material or IGNOU MEC-7 Book Pdf, you have come to the correct place. We will provide you with the greatest MEC-7 study material at no cost. Above all, we will supply you with the solved assignment and previous years question paper solutions for your MEC-7 subject.

An Introduction on IGNOU MEC-7 Course

अंतर्राष्ट्रीय व्यापार, अंतर्राष्ट्रीय सीमाओं या क्षेत्रों के आर-पार पूंजी, माल और सेवाओं का आदान-प्रदान है।[1]. अधिकांश देशों में, यह सकल घरेलू उत्पाद (GDP) के महत्त्वपूर्ण अंश का प्रतिनिधित्व करता है। जबकि अंतर्राष्ट्रीय व्यापार, इतिहास के अधिकांश भाग में मौजूद रहा है (देखें सिल्क रोड, एम्बर रोड) इसका आर्थिक, सामाजिक और राजनीतिक महत्व हाल की सदियों में बढ़ने लगा है।

अंतर्राष्ट्रीय व्यापार व्यवस्था पर औद्योगीकरण, उन्नत परिवहन, वैश्वीकरण, बहुराष्ट्रीय निगम और बाह्यस्रोत से कार्यनिष्पादन, इन सभी का व्यापक प्रभाव पड़ता है। वैश्वीकरण की निरंतरता के लिए अंतर्राष्ट्रीय व्यापार में बढ़ोतरी महत्त्वपूर्ण है। अंतर्राष्ट्रीय व्यापार के बिना, देश सिर्फ़ अपनी खुद की सीमा के भीतर उत्पादित माल और सेवाओं तक सीमित रह जाएंगे.

अंतर्राष्ट्रीय व्यापार, सिद्धांत रूप में घरेलू व्यापार से भिन्न नहीं है क्योंकि एक व्यापार में शामिल पक्षों की अभिप्रेरणा और व्यवहार मौलिक रूप से बदलता नहीं है भले ही व्यापार सीमा पार का हो या नहीं। मुख्य अंतर यह है कि अंतर्राष्ट्रीय व्यापार आम तौर पर घरेलू व्यापार से अधिक महंगा है। इसका कारण है कि एक सीमा आम तौर पर अतिरिक्त शुल्क लगाती है जैसे प्रशुल्क, सीमा पर विलंब के कारण आवधिक लागत और भाषा, कानूनी प्रणाली या संस्कृति जैसे देशीय भिन्नताओं से जुड़ी लागतें. घरेलू और अंतर्राष्ट्रीय व्यापार के बीच एक और अंतर यह है कि पूंजी और श्रम जैसे उत्पादन कारक आम तौर पर बाहर की तुलना में देशों के भीतर अधिक गतिशील होते हैं। इस प्रकार अंतर्राष्ट्रीय व्यापार ज्यादातर माल और सेवाओं के व्यापार तक सीमित है और पूंजी, श्रम या उत्पादन के अन्य कारकों के व्यापार में केवल एक छोटे पैमाने पर. इसके अलावा माल और सेवाओं का व्यापार, उत्पादन कारकों में व्यापार के लिए एक विकल्प के रूप में कार्य कर सकता है। उत्पादन का एक कारक आयात करने के बजाय, एक देश माल आयात कर सकता है जो उत्पादन के कारक का गहन इस्तेमाल करे और इस प्रकार संबंधित कारक को सम्मिलित कर ले. एक उदाहरण है, चीन से संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका द्वारा श्रम-प्रधान वस्तुओं का आयात. चीनी श्रम का आयात करने के बजाय अमेरिका, चीन से ऐसे माल आयात कर रहा है जिसे चीनी श्रम के इस्तेमाल से उत्पादित किया गया है| अंतर्राष्ट्रीय व्यापार, अर्थशास्त्र की एक शाखा भी है, जो अंतर्राष्ट्रीय वित्त के साथ मिलकर अंतर्राष्ट्रीय अर्थशास्त्र की विस्तृत शाखा का निर्माण करती है।

How to Download IGNOU MEC-7 Study Material/Book?

List of Available IGNOU MEC-7 Study Materials:

MEC-7 अंतर्राष्ट्रीय व्यापार एवं वित्त	Click to
IGNOU MEC 7 Study Material (Egyankosh)	Download
IGNOU MEC 7 Help Book/Guide Book	Download
IGNOU MEC 7 Solved Assignment	Download
IGNOU MEC 7 Solved Guess Paper	Download
IGNOU MEC 7 Previous Year Solved Question Papers	Download

Benefits of our IGNOU MEC-7 Study Materials for Exams Preparation

Our MEC-7 Guide Books help students broaden their understanding to a greater extent. IGNOU MA Economics Study Material has flaws and is produced purely on the basis of the curriculum. There is nothing wrong with it, but depending solely on syllabus-based textbooks will not give you with an answer or a deeper knowledge of issues. To get the most out of your learning experience, you should have a reference book, such as an IGNOU MEC-7 Book, that does not put a stop to your progress.

Finding assignment questions answers in IGNOU Study Material is really tough. As a result, we give you with a direct link to download this MEC-7 solved assignment from our website, which is based only on the MEC-7 Assignment Question Paper. Reading through past year’s solved assignments offers an indication of the kind of problems posed in exams. For example, our assignment solution will assist students in comprehending the paper design and question formats that will be tested in the examinations. Finally, here is your opportunity to obtain the greatest IGNOU MEC-7 Study Materials from our website, which will assist you in improving your exam preparations.

IGNOU MEC-109 Study Material & Book In Hindi

November 11, 2021

by study_admin with No Comment IGNOU Study Material

IGNOU MEC-109 Study Materials/Books Pdf – If you want to get high-quality IGNOU MEC-109 Study Material or IGNOU MEC-109 Book Pdf, you have come to the correct place. We will provide you with the greatest MEC-109 study material at no cost. Above all, we will supply you with the solved assignment and previous years question paper solutions for your MEC-109 subject.

An Introduction on IGNOU MEC-109 Course

शोध के महत्त्व को सामान्य तौर पर हम निम्नलिखित रूप में देख सकते हैं–

शोध मानव-ज्ञान को दिशा प्रदान करता है, ज्ञान-भण्डार को विकसित एवं परिमार्जित करता है।
शोध से व्यावहारिक समस्याओं का समाधान होता है।
शोध से व्यक्तित्व का बौद्धिक विकास होता है।
शोध सामाजिक विकास का सहायक है।
शोध जिज्ञासा-मूलक प्रवृत्ति की सन्तुष्टि करता है।
शोध अनेक नवीन कार्य-विधियों एवं उत्पादों को विकसित करता है।
शोध पूर्वाग्रहों के निदान और निवारण में सहायक होता है।
शोध ज्ञान के विविध पक्षों में गहनता और सूक्ष्मता प्रदान करता है।

जॉन बेस्ट (सन् 1959) के कथनानुसार सांस्कृतिक उन्नति का रहस्य शोध में निहित है।

शोध नए सत्यों के अन्वेषण द्वारा अज्ञान मिटाता है, सच की प्राप्ति हेतु उत्कृष्टतर विधियाँ और श्रेष्ठ परिणाम प्रदान करता है।

किसी शोध को बेहतर शोध कहने के लिए आवश्यक है कि उसमें–

सामान्य अवधारणाओं के उपयोग द्वारा शोध के उद्देश्यों को स्पष्टता से परिभाषित किया गया हो।

शोध-प्रक्रिया की व्याख्या इतनी स्पष्ट हो कि सम्बद्ध प्रकरण पर आगामी शोध-दृष्टि निखरे और परवर्ती शोधार्थी इस दिशा में अनुप्रेरित हों।
शोध-प्रक्रिया की रूपरेखा इतनी सावधानी से नियोजित हो कि उद्देश्य-आधारित परिणाम प्राप्त हो सके।
शोध-प्रतिवेदन प्रस्तुत करते हुए कोई शोधार्थी अपने ही शोध की कमियाँ उजागर करने में संकोच न करे।
शोध-निष्कर्ष उपयोग किए गए आँकड़ों तक ही सीमित रहे।
शोध में उपयोग किए गए आँकड़े और सामग्रियाँ विश्वसनीय हों।

सुपरिभाषित पद्धतियों और निर्धारित नियमों के अनुपालन के साथ किए गए शोध की प्रस्तुति में शोधार्थी की विलक्षण क्षमता के साथ सुव्यवस्थित, तार्किक कौशल स्पष्ट दिखे।

How to Download IGNOU MEC-109 Study Material/Book?

List of Available IGNOU MEC-109 Study Materials:

MEC-109 अर्थशास्त्र मैं शोध विधियाँ	Click to
IGNOU MEC 109 Study Material (Egyankosh)	Download
IGNOU MEC 109 Help Book/Guide Book	Download
IGNOU MEC 109 Solved Assignment	Download
IGNOU MEC 109 Solved Guess Paper	Download
IGNOU MEC 109 Previous Year Solved Question Papers	Download

Benefits of our IGNOU MEC-109 Study Materials for Exams Preparation

Our MEC-109 Guide Books help students broaden their understanding to a greater extent. IGNOU MA Economics Study Material has flaws and is produced purely on the basis of the curriculum. There is nothing wrong with it, but depending solely on syllabus-based textbooks will not give you with an answer or a deeper knowledge of issues. To get the most out of your learning experience, you should have a reference book, such as an IGNOU MEC-109 Book, that does not put a stop to your progress.

Finding assignment questions answers in IGNOU Study Material is really tough. As a result, we give you with a direct link to download this MEC-109 solved assignment from our website, which is based only on the MEC-109 Assignment Question Paper. Reading through past year’s solved assignments offers an indication of the kind of problems posed in exams. For example, our assignment solution will assist students in comprehending the paper design and question formats that will be tested in the examinations. Finally, here is your opportunity to obtain the greatest IGNOU MEC-109 Study Materials from our website, which will assist you in improving your exam preparations.

IGNOU MEC-108 Study Material & Book In Hindi

November 11, 2021

by study_admin with No Comment IGNOU Study Material

IGNOU MEC-108 Study Materials/Books Pdf – If you want to get high-quality IGNOU MEC-108 Study Material or IGNOU MEC-108 Book Pdf, you have come to the correct place. We will provide you with the greatest MEC-108 study material at no cost. Above all, we will supply you with the solved assignment and previous years question paper solutions for your MEC-108 subject.

An Introduction on IGNOU MEC-108 Course

खंड-1 समाज, पर्यावरण और अर्थतंत्र

खंड-2 शिक्षा का अर्थशास्त्र

खंड-3 स्वास्थ्य अर्थशास्त्र

खंड-4 पर्यावरण का अर्थशास्त्र

खंड-5 धारणीय विकास

खंड-6 संस्थाएं और नीतियां

अर्थशास्त्र सामाजिक विज्ञान की वह शाखा है, जिसके अन्तर्गत वस्तुओं और सेवाओं के उत्पादन, वितरण, विनिमय और उपभोग का अध्ययन किया जाता है। ‘अर्थशास्त्र’ शब्द संस्कृत शब्दों अर्थ (धन) और शास्त्र की संधि से बना है, जिसका शाब्दिक अर्थ है – ‘धन का अध्ययन’। किसी विषय के संबंध में मनुष्यों के कार्यो के क्रमबद्ध ज्ञान को उस विषय का शास्त्र कहते हैं, इसलिए अर्थशास्त्र में मनुष्यों के अर्थसंबंधी कार्यों का क्रमबद्ध ज्ञान होना आवश्यक है।

अर्थशास्त्र का प्रयोग यह समझने के लिये भी किया जाता है कि अर्थव्यवस्था किस तरह से कार्य करती है और समाज में विभिन्न वर्गों का आर्थिक सम्बन्ध कैसा है। अर्थशास्त्रीय विवेचना का प्रयोग समाज से सम्बन्धित विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में किया जाता है, जैसे:- अपराध, शिक्षा, परिवार, स्वास्थ्य, कानून, राजनीति, धर्म, सामाजिक संस्थान और युद्ध इत्यदि।

How to Download IGNOU MEC-108 Study Material/Book?

List of Available IGNOU MEC-108 Study Materials:

MEC-108 सामाजिक क्षेत्र और पर्या अर्थशास्त्र	Click to
IGNOU MEC 108 Study Material (Egyankosh)	Download
IGNOU MEC 108 Help Book/Guide Book	Download
IGNOU MEC 108 Solved Assignment	Download
IGNOU MEC 108 Solved Guess Paper	Download
IGNOU MEC 108 Previous Year Solved Question Papers	Download

Benefits of our IGNOU MEC-108 Study Materials for Exams Preparation

Our MEC-108 Guide Books help students broaden their understanding to a greater extent. IGNOU MA Economics Study Material has flaws and is produced purely on the basis of the curriculum. There is nothing wrong with it, but depending solely on syllabus-based textbooks will not give you with an answer or a deeper knowledge of issues. To get the most out of your learning experience, you should have a reference book, such as an IGNOU MEC-108 Book, that does not put a stop to your progress.

Finding assignment questions answers in IGNOU Study Material is really tough. As a result, we give you with a direct link to download this MEC-108 solved assignment from our website, which is based only on the MEC-108 Assignment Question Paper. Reading through past year’s solved assignments offers an indication of the kind of problems posed in exams. For example, our assignment solution will assist students in comprehending the paper design and question formats that will be tested in the examinations. Finally, here is your opportunity to obtain the greatest IGNOU MEC-108 Study Materials from our website, which will assist you in improving your exam preparations.